I'm interested in helping out the KDE development team, and am not sure where to start. I'm not much of a programmer, but I'm an excellent writer/teacher and would be delighted to help out on the documentation front, or anything else anyone can think of that doesn't require heavy programming skills. In particular I'm interested in helping with any work that's being done with Konqueror; I'd like to kick Firefox/Iceweasel right the hell off of my desktop. How do I get started?

Hi, welcome
There are lots of ways to help, most of them are summed up here. Since you seem to like writing you might want to take a look at the promo team. (look under promotion)

Something similar to documentation is KDE Userbase. http://userbase.kde.org/
The Konqueror article is probably already complete but perhaps you could give it some love or translate it. Not to mention all the other applications that also need a description.