OK. So after a blunder of mine I've by accident deleted this file

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/etc/xdg/menus/kde4-applications.menu


Now my KDE menu is blank, all my file associations are gone, and I can only launch applications from a terminal. I can no longer edit the menu either so can't reconstruct it manually.

I've copied the file from a Live CD onto my own system, but it doesn't seem to have had any effect on my system.

Try to run "kbuildsycoca4 --noincremental" (as user) to rebuild the menu cache.

If that doesn't help, create a new user account and try with that, to see whether it's a system-wide issue or user-related.
If it's the latter, try to remove/rename ~/.config/menus/, that contains your user-specific modifications to the system menu.

And check that the file is readable for all *users*.

The first solution worked! Thank you.